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- <text id=93CT1597>
- <link 90TT2043>
- <title>
- Austria--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Europe
- Austria
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> The Austro-Hungarian Empire played a decisive role in
- Central European history, partly because of its strategic
- position astride the southeastern approaches to Western Europe
- and the north-south routes between Germany and Italy. Although
- present-day Austria is only a tiny remnant of the old empire,
- it still occupies this strategic position.
- </p>
- <p> Soon after the Republic of Austria was established at the end
- of World War I, it not only had to redesign a government meant
- to rule a great empire into one that would govern only 6 million
- citizens, but also faced catastrophic inflation as well. In the
- early 1930s, worldwide depression and unemployment added to
- these earlier strains and shattered traditional Austrian
- society. These economic and political conditions led in 1933 to
- a dictatorship under Engelbert Dollfuss. In February 1934, civil
- war broke out, and the Social Democratic Party was suppressed.
- Later, in July, the National Socialists attempted unsuccessfully
- to seize power and assassinated Dollfuss. In March 1938, Austria
- was incorporated into the German Reich through the Anschluss.
- </p>
- <p> At the Moscow conference in 1943, the Allies publicly
- declared their intention to liberate Austria and reconstitute
- it as a free and independent state. Forces of both East and West
- liberated Austria in April 1945.
- </p>
- <p> Subsequently, the country was divided into zones of
- occupation similar to Germany. The organization of an Austrian
- administration was undertaken with remarkable success by a
- Socialist elder statesman, Dr. Karl Renner. General elections
- were held in November 1945, and the conservative People's Party
- obtained 50% of the vote and 85 seats in the National Council
- (lower house of the Parliament); the Socialists won 45% and 76
- seats; the Communists won 5% and 4 seats. The ensuing
- three-party government stayed in office until 1947, when the
- Communists left the government. That same year, the People's
- Party and the Socialists formed a coalition that governed until
- 1966.
- </p>
- <p> Under the Potsdam agreements in 1945, the Soviets took
- control of German assets in their zone of occupation. These
- included manufacturing plants, constituting about 30% of the
- industry in the Soviet zone and 7% of all Austrian industry; oil
- resources, which accounted for 95% of the nation's oil
- production; and refineries, which accounted for about 80% of
- Austria's refinery capacity. These Soviet-administered
- properties were returned to Austria under the Austrian State
- Treaty, signed at Vienna on May 15, 1955. The treaty came into
- effect on July 27 of that year. Under its provisions, all
- occupation forces were withdrawn by October 25, 1955, and
- Austria became free and independent for the first time since
- 1938.
- </p>
- <p> Under the treaty, Austria delivered goods valued at $150
- million to the U.S.S.R. over a 6-year period and 9 million
- metric tons (MT) of oil over 10 years as compensation for the
- return of the former German assets. Under the July 1960
- Austro-Soviet agreement, oil deliveries were reduced to 555,555
- MT a year after July 1961, and the U.S.S.R. agreed to forego the
- final year's (1965) delivery.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Since World War II, Austria has enjoyed remarkable political
- stability. The two major parties (People's Party and
- Socialists), which formed the governing coalition during the
- period 1947-66, have the support of about 90% of the electorate.
- Extremist parties of the right and left have had virtually no
- influence on government policy and usually receive less than 1%
- of the vote.
- </p>
- <p> The Socialist Party draws its support mainly from workers
- and white-collar employees, so that most of its strength lies
- in the urban and industrialized areas. The Socialists reject
- dogmatic Marxism and are anticommunist. In the past, the party
- has advocated heavy state involvement in Austria's key
- industries, the extension of social security benefits, and a
- full-employment policy. In the mid-1980s, the party began moving
- toward free market-oriented economic policies.
- </p>
- <p> The People's Party draws its strength primarily from farmers,
- big and small businesses, and lay Catholic groups. Its centers
- of strength are the rural regions of Austria and the
- middle-class districts of Vienna. In economic matters, the party
- advocates conservative financial policies and privatization of
- much of Austria's nationalized industry.
- </p>
- <p> The Freedom Party has been a small moderate-conservative
- party that attracts those who desire no association with the two
- major parties or with the communists.
- </p>
- <p> The March 1966 elections gave the People's Party a majority
- of 11 seats in the National Council; it then formed a
- single-party government. In the March 1970 elections, the
- Socialists won a plurality of 81 seats in the National Council,
- while the People's Party obtained 79 seats. Following
- protracted, unproductive coalition talks with the Peoples Party,
- the Socialists formed a minority government on April 21, 1970.
- </p>
- <p> In the October 1971 special elections called by the
- Socialists, the Socialists took 93 seats, the People's Party 80,
- and the Freedom Party 10. The Communist Party won none. A
- one-party Socialist government was formed shortly thereafter.
- </p>
- <p> The Socialist Party retained its absolute majority in
- national elections in 1975 and 1979, permitting Chancellor
- Kreisky to continue his one-party government. In 1979, the
- Socialist Party won 95 seats, the People's Party 77, and the
- Freedom Party 11.
- </p>
- <p> In April 1983, the Socialist Party lost its absolute majority
- and formed a coalition government with the Freedom Party.
- Unwilling to lead a coalition, Chancellor Kreisky stepped down
- in favor of Vice Chancellor Sinowatz. An anticipated challenge
- to the traditional parties from the environmentalist "Green" and
- "Alternative List" parties did not materialize.
- </p>
- <p> In the presidential election of June 8, 1986, former UN
- Secretary General Kurt Waldheim convincingly beat his opponent,
- Kurt Steyrer. Mr. Waldheim captured 53.9% of the vote and became
- the first non-Socialist-supported president of the Second
- Republic. The Socialists, sensing voter disaffection, shuffled
- their cabinet, with Chancellor Sinowatz resigning and Finance
- Minister Franz Vranitzky taking his place. In the November 1986
- national election, the Socialists won 80 seats, the People's
- Party 77, the Freedom Party 18, and the Green-Alternative
- Movement 8 (the Greens are represented in Parliament for the
- first time). A coalition government of the Socialists and
- People's Party was formed in January 1987.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- July 1987.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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